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By 1983, the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs realized the importance of protecting Egypt’s rich heritage and its diversity of ecosystems, in turn started declaring locations as protected areas, which are now collectively known as Parks Egypt. In 1994 the (NCS) Nature Conservation Sector was established and given the responsibility of managing Parks Egypt. The NCS is entrusted with implementing policies, programs, studies and other actions that ensure compliance with the nation’s habitat and species protection legislation as well as Egypt’s commitment to the relevant international conventions. By 2007 more than 14% (27 protected areas) of Egypt was protected under the NCS, with plans to further accommodate all of Egypt’s natural habitats and ecosystems. The expectation that by the year 2017, a total of 40 protected areas, which is around 17% of the country, will be protected and managed by the NCS.

To conserve these ecosystems and habitats, the species of flora and fauna have to be safeguarded, to maintain the sustainability of the area. In Egypt, the fairly low number of species and the relatively large number of eco-zones and habitats makes the preservation of both especially important. Likewise the indigenous people are an integral part of these ecosystems. Their knowledge and tradition are an important part of Egypt’s cultural heritage, which have become threatened by modern intrusions of expanding civilization. Being able to create revenue to fund for the management of these protectores and to create business for its indigenous people, conserves not only this unique culture and knowledge but the nature as well, through traditional means and ethics.

Among the largest of these protectores is the Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area. Nabq is about 35 km north of Sharm El Sheikh and 500 km from Cairo. About halfway between Naama Bay and Dahab, Nabq lies at the narrowest part of the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the second of the five protected areas of South Sinai. It is the largest coastal park in the area stretching over 600 square kilometers and shelters a variety of ecosystems. It was established in 1992 to protect the coral reefs, wild life and the mangroves.

The park provides unique and extremely diverse landscapes and habitats, from the high mountains in the North, to rolling dune systems of the South, to the rich coral environment where the desert meets the sea. The park is known to be home to 134 plant species, 6 of them are found only in Nabq, and 86 are perennial. The coast of Nabq is said to be fringed by 4.8 km of mangrove forests. This mangrove which is composed of just one species of tree, Avicennia marina, is very fragile and worth protecting because of the important role it plays in the survival of the wild life surrounding the bay. If you are a nature enthusiast, bring along binoculars to observe a variety of birds and animals that live on the park. The park attracts birds holding an important ecological role either as a migratory stop, or as breeding grounds. Species that frequent the area include the Heron (both white and grey), Ospreys, Spoonbill and even storks. Also Nabq is home to a variety of animal and marine species, finding sufficient food and shelter. One of the largest populations of gazelles in southern Sinai is often seen at sunset in the vicinity of the dunes. Nubian ibex can be found in the mountain areas and hyraxes thrive in Wadi Khereiza (one of numerous wadis, or valleys in the park.)

The mangrove stand at Nabq fronts the shoreline at the mouth of Wadi Kidd, which runs far into the center of southern Sinai’s mountains. Near the top of Wadi Kidd is the lush oasis of Ain Kidd, boasting many date palms, and toward the bottom of the wadi is mangroves, dune growth, and wild life. Wadi Kidd is one of the Sinai’s most abundantly watered wadis, supporting prolific vegetation all along its length, which explains the abundant presence of vegetation and wild life. They are sustained by the periodic valley flooding following heavy rains. The wadi also provides a supply of fresh water to local populations, and is an important grazing area for Bedouin sheep and goatherds.

The mangroves‘ root system, allow the species to adapted and tolerate their saline surroundings. Their remarkable aerial roots that appear as leafless branches sticking out of the ground around each tree help aerate its submerged roots. They act as a barrier that holds back most of the salts from the seawater. The excess salt that has been absorbed by the root is then removed in the form of salt crystals on the underside of each leaf. The shallow calm waters around the trees form a haven for crustaceans and small fish playing an important role as their breeding and nursing grounds, in turn attracting an extraordinarily varied population of bird life.

At the far end of the bay is an old shipwreck, which provides for a unique and rare diving site. Known to the locals as “Al Gharaqna” (in English “the drowned”), the site can be accessed from the shore, walking knee-deep through the water with suitable shoes, to aid walking over the stretch of shells and endless starfish. The coral reefs of Nabq are rich, virtually untouched and rarely dived areas stretching the entire length of the coast. Possessing a diverse coral population, small and large fish alike, and sea grass beds, the reefs here are different from those of Ras Mohammed National Park. Marine life that can be seen includes turtles, huge variety of pipefish, jacks, wrasse, groupers, stonefish, lionfish, moray eels and seahorses.

The wadi also supports a number of Bedouin tribes who depend on the natural resources of the area, which provides for their fresh water for drinking and for the goatherds. In the late 20th century many of these tribes gave up their nomadic way of life and settled in the wadi, building hut villages along its coast although some still consider it only as a summer retreat. Bedouin population is centered in the Khreiza and Al Gharqana villages. Their knowledge of the area and its plant and animal life has been employed to protect the park. The NCS has committed to a programme that fully integrates the resident Bedouins in all aspects of its area management strategy. As the Bedouins are legendary for their hospitality they are the ones to provide for all the touristic services in the park. These will include catering services at the visitor centre, guide services, provision of camels for access to areas closed to vehicles (all desert areas are considered fragile and off track driving is prohibited), maintenance, visitor interpretation, operation of camping areas (camping is allowed in designated areas but there are several hotels in South Nabq and along the Gulf of Aqaba), selling handmade necklaces and oriental dress and other activities of mutual benefit. Most of them are familiar with many foreign languages due to their continuous contact with tourists.

About the Author:
Gawhara Hanem
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Egypt Tours

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With Global Warming becoming an eminent threat there is growing awareness to going green. The need to save mother Earth, conserving its resources to share with future generations as live experiences and not stories of the past. Warning calls by Al Gore and Leonardo DiCaprio for preserving the only planet we have is more than a cause but a need for it to be a way of life.

Every bearing of our lives is going eco-friendly, from energy saving light bulbs and carpooling to eco-friendly pajamas and hair spray. Since the late 1980s the increase in environmental awareness and the obligation to protect eco-systems, gave birth to ecotourism, responsible tourism or also called sustainable tourism.

For centuries only 6% of Egypt’s land has been frequented by tourists, seeking the historical aspects that have been overemphasized through novels & chronicles. With the remaining 94% considered lifeless, barren wastelands. These areas included three magnificent deserts (the Sinai Desert, the Eastern Desert and the Western Desert), mangroves, lakes, mountains and 2,700 km (1,678 m) of unspoiled coastlines. Since the evolution of ecotourism and the demand to explore and enjoy this hidden side of Egypt, there has been a demand for more environmentally conscious eco-lodges, and higher maintenance and preservation over natural protectores.

But what exactly is meant by ecotourism? As defined by the world’s oldest and largest ecotourism organization and the global source of knowledge and advocacy in ecotourism, The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) states that it is:

Experiencing the fastest growth of all sub-sectors in the tourism industry, this popularity represents a change in tourist perceptions, increased environmental awareness, and a desire to explore natural environments. Such changes have become as much a statement affirming one’s social identity, educational sophistication, and disposable income as it has about preserving the Amazon rainforest or the Caribbean reef for posterity. And for ecotourism to be successful certain guidelines and principles must be followed:
· minimize impact
· build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
· provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts
· provide direct financial benefits for conservation
· provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people
· raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental, and social climate

The concepts of ecotourism maybe obvious in that they need to minimize the negative economic, environmental and social impacts, while preserving and improving the condition of the local people and their heritage. These very concepts are often used as a marketing tool to promote tourism which is related to nature. These greenwashing habits (disinformation by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image) only use labels like “green” and “eco-friendly”, to mislead tourists and manipulate their concern for the environment. So just because a hotel is located on a splendid landscape does not mean it’s eco-friendly until it fulfills its obligations, behaving in an environmentally responsible way.

This may have been happening in Hurgada and Sharm el Sheik, but in recent years legislation has been enforced by the Egyptian Affairs Agency to prevent new development from destroying the coastline, coral reefs or tidal flats. Becoming the major focus of investment by the Egyptian government and the World Bank to protect what is left of the unique heritage that was once plagues by thoughtless development.

Since the hosting of Sustainable Tourism Egypt (STE) 2003, the International Conference on Tourism Development in Environmentally Sensitive Areas there has been major endeavors and strategic plans to conserve and protect the unique, abundant natural treasure of Egypt’s heritage. There is also concern for these protected areas to pay their way to generate revenue that can be use to fund for the management of its conservation. Moreover to provide the residence of these areas with additional income and establish community businesses.

In the wake of the declaration of Wadi El-Hitan as a World Heritage site by the UNESCO, there are more restrictions to number of visitors and stricter enforcemnt on regulation and guidelines to protectores. In the Nabq protected area, there are rehabilitation initiatives to recover its sensitive eco-systems. The largest mangrove stand in the Gulf of Aqaba and the northernmost mangroves in the Indian Ocean/Red Sea area front the shoreline of Nabq, making it the largest coastal park, at 600 km2 of protected area of outstanding natural beauty sheltering a variety of ecosystems.

There has been a campaign to crack down on hunting in Egypt in the Siwa Oasis and around Lake Nasser, Egypt’s primary water reservoir. Furthermore, there have been negotiations with government authorities to reduce the bureaucratic restrictions on deep desert tours and safaris. The numerous bureaucratic obstacles and procedures are time consuming but these problems are not experienced by tourists, as they are taken care of before their arrival.

The location of the Stromer’s Tidal Giant dinosaur in Bahariya Oasis is now under protection as farmers are trying to use the land for agricultural purposes and presently, there is a focus on saving the Petrified Forest protectorate east of Cairo, as there have been attempts to initiate urban development projects in the area. The selling of the Red Sea’s protected Giftun Island was successfully halted. The Egyptian government rejected the proposal for a multi-million development plan and an international campaign “Save Giftun” helped rise public awareness to preserve Egypt’s heritage.

Efforts to save the Spinner dolphins of the Gulf of Samadi (in the vicinity of the town of Marsa Alam in the Red Sea) have been also successful. The Samadi is a horseshoe-shaped reef that forms a shallow lagoon in the center, and constitutes an important natural habitat for spinner dolphins, where tourists get the magical opportunity to swim with wild, free, friendly dolphins.

21 km north of Hurgada, is the first independent touristic town. El Gouna (or Lagoon) has its own electricity plant, a sewage treatment plant, roads, lagoons, and has installed satellite phones, a transportation network, two marinas, a Nubian-style village, an airport, a hospital and an international school. More investors are being encouraged to build eco-lodges in protected areas such as the Red Sea’s Wadi El-Gemal, and Qarit Umm Al-Sagheer, north of Siwa. The government and developers have significant roles to play in adopting and implementing environmentally sound policies and practices to avoid the degradation of the natural heritage of Egypt for the sake of current and future generations alike.

About the Author:
Gawhara Hanem
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Egypt Tours

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Abu Simbel was unheard of in the Egyptological world until J. L. Burckhardt in 1813 stumbled on the upper part of a temple façade almost covered by sand. The entrance leading into the temple was discovered four years later by Giovanni Battista Belzoni and since then it has attracted many who have been awe-struck by the colossal façade of the temple.

Although the temple attracts tourists all year round its worth everything to visit this 3000 year old inspiring rock mountain on the 22nd of February and the 22nd of October, when the Sun illuminates the sanctuary statues.

The temple was actually built further down the Nile, in the same relative position, but due to the rising waters of Lake Nasser that grew behind the Aswan Dam, the temple had to be moved on the desert plateau 200 feet above and 600 feet west of their original location. In a massive archeological rescue plan by the UNESCO in the 1960s the complex of temples was moved to its site today from the original locations that are presently underwater.

Abu Simbel lies 280 km south of Aswan and only 40 km north of the Sudanese border. Archaeologists have concluded that the immense sizes of the statues in the Great Temple were intended to scare potential enemies approaching Egypt’s southern region, as they traveled down the Nile from out of Africa.

The massive façade of the main temple is dominated by four seated colossal statues of Ramses II himself. Each statue 67 feet high is seated on a throne and wears the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt and all are sculpted directly from the rock face. The thrones are decorated on their sides with Nile gods symbolically uniting Egypt. Between the legs and on each of their sides stand smaller statues of members of the royal family. The smaller statues of relatives were of his wife Queen Nefertari, his mother Tuya the great wife of Seti Ι, and of many of his children.

There are two main temples, that of Ramses II dedicated to sun gods Amun Ra and Ra-Harakhte and the smaller was built in honor of Nefertari, his wife and dedicated to the goddess Hathor. The temples are as impressive in the day as they are by night, since each night there are three Sound and Light Shows in seven different languages.

The Abu Simbel Sun Festival is one of the world’s most unique events to date. This week the Solstice occurrence can be witnessed again by crowds that pack into the temple before sunrise. The two dates, February and October the 22nd commemorate King Ramses’ ΙΙ ascension to the throne and his birthday respectively.

The Sun Festival starts at dawn as the visitors watch the shafts of light slowly creep into the temple lighting up this sanctuary. Curiously enough the sun illuminates the status of Amun-Ra, Ra-Harakhte and Ramses the god; whilst the statue of Ptah, the god of darkness remains in the shadows.

So on the 22nd of this month unlike any of us, Ramses will not be having candles lite up on his birthday, but the first rays of the Sun will light up his face before it lights up his architectural phenomena and the rest of Egypt!

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In 1962, while searching for fish in the Alexandria harbor, a young diver discovered fragments of an immense statue on the seafloor. To verify the young man’s report Egyptian naval divers and experts from Alexandria’s Greco-Roman Museum were called to the area. The piece that the young diver found, measuring 6 meters (20 feet) in length was confirmed to be a mere fragment of the colossal statue of Poseidon (the lord of the waves).

But the area was off limits to scientific investigation because it was a military zone. It wasn’t until 1994 that a team of scuba diving archaeologists were sent in to actually explore the area. Littering the seafloor, over an area of 5.5 acres, were remains that included sphinxes, columns, capitals, colossi and fragments of inscribed obelisks. This made the site one of the largest archaeological sites in the Mediterranean.

Scientists believed that these fragments were in fact the remains of The Pharos, the great lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven vanished Wonders of the Ancient World. The Pharos was the last to be built, and the last to disappear.

The Pharos Lighthouse stood on the eastern tip of the ancient island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria. The island was linked to the mainland by a man made wall called the Heptastadion, which was made of solid granite and extended the length of seven stadiums.

Although the Pharos was depicted on coins, terracotta, Roman mosaics and small models of it were also available, none is particularly precise and as the ancient writers left few detailed descriptions, the Pharos still remains somewhat of an enigma. Even at the time the structure was so famous and the connection of the name with the function became so strong that the word “pharos” means ‘lighthouse, beacon’ in English, becoming the etymological origin of the word in Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Bulgarian and Swedish.

Construction of the Lighthouse was commissioned by Ptolemy Ι Soter, a general of Alexander the Great and his first successor to ruling Egypt. It was completed in the 3rd century BC, and was inaugurated during the reign of his son, Ptolemy ΙΙ Philadelphos around 285 BC. The Lighthouse’s designer was a Greek, Sostratus of Cnidus. Proud of his work, he wanted his name carved onto the building, but he was forbidden to do so by Ptolemy ΙΙ, who wanted his to be the only name on the building. Sostratus managed to get around this by having the dedication:

chiseled into the foundation, which was then covered with plaster, Ptolemy’s name was then carved into the plaster. Over time the plaster chipped away leaving only Sostratus’ dedication.

The monumental building was constructed in three stages: The lower was a square section with a central core, a middle octagonal section, and a top cylindrical section. The entrance was up a long vaulted ramp. A large spiral staircase led up to around 50 chambers and was probably used by beasts of burden to carry firewood up to the third tier where a fire, acting as the light source, burned on the summit.

In order for the Pharos to withstand the harsh pounding of the sea, the base tier rested on massive blocks of red granite. These granite blocks and the walls of the Lighthouse were strengthened not by using mortar to join them together but by molten lead to reinforce the structure. The edifice was probably so strong it survived for almost 2 millennia (until the mid-14th century AD), serving as a beacon to sailors approaching the coast of Egypt. The source of light was believed to be a mirror, which reflected the sunlight during the day and a fire which guided sailors at night.

Made of stone and covered in white marble, the building stood about 120m (400 ft) high, an equivalent to a 40-story modern building. This made it the first lighthouse in the world and the tallest man-made structure on Earth for centuries. In 1183 this is how it was described by an Arab traveler Ibn Jubayr: “Description of it falls short, the eyes fail to comprehend it, and words are inadequate, so vast is the spectacle.”

Supposedly a colossal statue of Poseidon surmounted the top of the Pharos but it disappeared over time. What was certain was that the statues found at the foot of the Lighthouse, were portraits of King Ptolemy ΙΙ. Roman coins depicting the Pharos, show a statue of a triton at each of the building’s four corners. But what actually makes for a mystery, is that the amount of complete statues discovered (some 26 sphinxes of different size, age and material), and that they were found to come from earlier eras than the lighthouse. This could lead to the speculation of a number of things. The statues used in the construction of the Pharos were recycles from older buildings, mostly coming from the Nile Delta and Heliopolis (which was destroyed at the time of the Greek Ptolemies). Some scientists also believe that the Pharos was part of a great complex, and that it may have had a more significant civic and religious function; that not all the statues surmounted the building, but may have stood on a lower level.

The Pharos was not built in a purely Greek style as so often portrayed, simply because the Greeks had no experience in building with granite plus they would have had to use local labor. 20 km (12 miles) east of Alexandria, in the town of Abu Qir, to this day stands a scaled-down replica of the Pharos at just 20 meters (66 ft) high. Known as Burg el-Arab, it too was constructed during the reign of Ptolemy ΙΙ (285-246 BC), although its mid-section was hexagonal (contrary to the octagonal mid-section of the Pharos). The architectural significance of the three-stage design of the Pharos is further reflected centuries later in the design of the minarets in many early Islamic mosques.

Apparently the Lighthouse was such a spectacle at the time it became a touristic attraction. Food was sold to visitors at the observation platform at the top of the first level. And for those who wanted to make the additional climb to a balcony at the top of the octagonal tower were rewarded with an impressive view, as it was probably 90m (300 ft) above the sea. There were few places in the ancient world where a person could ascend a man-made tower to get such a perspective.

Earthquakes finally got the better of the Pharos Lighthouse. Recorded by classic and Arab writers were twenty-two earthquakes of significant strength that shook Alexandria. Restorations undertaken by Arab rulers, the last to be ordered by the famous Sultan, Salah el-Din (Saladin) allowed the Lighthouse to survive into the 14th century. The Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, visiting Alexandria in 1326, recorded that he was able to climb the ramp to the entrance of the Pharos, but on his return in 1349, this was impossible as the lighthouse was already in ruins.

On the 8th of August, 1303, a violent earthquake brought an end to what remained standing of the Seventh wonder of the ancient world. A century later the Mamluk Sultan Qait Bey built a fort on the site of the Pharos, which still stands there today. Some of the fallen masonry was incorporated in the building of the fort.

Aired on February 27, 2007 the Nova program chronicled the underwater discovery of the fabled Pharos lighthouse. There are plans to make this archeological site assessable to amateur divers to experience the beauty of these antiquities underwater. And until they do, this link will take you to a series of videos on the Nova site, to watch the extensive efforts undertaken to map the underwater site and recover some of its treasures out of the water. (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sunken/clips/)

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This year the Cairo Opera House celebrates its 20th anniversary with performances by international artists and several special shows. The Opera House has always aimed out to promote the arts of music and dance and to especially preserve, renew traditional Arab music and cultural heritage while sharing the passion for the arts. Performances of ballet, operatic or symphonic works are staged with Egyptian companies or in cooperation with foreign ensembles or soloists. Seminars and cultural conferences covering a wide range of artistic and intellectual issues are held regularly.

The first opera house in Cairo was The Khedivial Opera House (or Royal Opera House). It was built in 1869 by the Khedive Ismail, but burnt to the ground in 1971 because it was made mostly of wood. It received the premiere of Verdi’s Opera Aida in 1871. After its destruction, Cairo was without an opera house for 2 decades until the opening of the new opera house that now stands in close to downtown Cairo.

The new Cairo Opera House is part of Cairo’s National Culture Center. The funds for the complex were a gift from the nation of Japan to Egypt. In October of 1988 it was inaugurated by President Hosni Mubarak and His Highness, Prince Tomohito of Mikasa, the younger brother of the Japanese Emperor in a remarkable ceremony. It was the first time for Japan to stage a Kabuki show, a traditional popular drama with singing and dancing, in Africa or the Arab World. In recognition of the Cairo Opera House, the London Royal Philharmonic Orchestra chose it as a venue for their first performance in the Middle East and Africa in January 2007.

The museum on the first floor of the Main Hall exhibits rare photos including some from the night the Khedival Opera House burnt down. There are also photos of the most important artistic performances and a number of brochures of concerts that were given in the Opera House before it was destroyed. This wing also exhibits costumes, jewelery, and musical scores of the opera Aida. Some historic documents written in Italian about the artistic performances of the Khedivial Cairo Opera House from 1869 until 1907 are shown as well. The museum also displays a huge wooden nay (oriental flute) about 10cm wide and more than 2m long and a rare piano with additional keys to allow for oriental tunes to be played.

The celebrations this year were launched by the commencement of the Swiss Tales which was attended by Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak and the Swiss President Pascal Couchiepin. The first of the concert was for Francois Lindemann’s seven grand pianos orchestra, “Piano Seven” played by seven Swiss pianists and part of the “Swiss Tales” programme for cultural exchange between Egypt and Switzerland. Over the course of the year a number of prestigious groups have performed at the Cairo Opera House and attracted various audiences and supporters.

Germany participated in this celebration with a performance of the popular Ballet Mannheim and the Twelve Pianists’ concert in which 12 pianists play melodies at one piano. The British Royal Philharmonic Orchestra performed three concerts, with earnings dedicated to the New Children’s Cancer Hospital and Abo El-Reesh Children’s Hospital.

Also participating this year was a performance by the famed Lebanese singer and oud player Marcel Khalifa. The famous Belarus National Academic Bolshoi Ballet Theatre performed their ballet “Swan Lake”. There were also performances from the American Smithsonian Jazz Master Works Orchestra and the Irish Lord of the Dance troop.

About the Author:
Gawhara Hanem
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Egypt Tours

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Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt and probably the most famous of all the kings and queen that ruled during the Pharaonic era, is still a mystery to many archeologists. She wasn’t the first Cleopatra, only the most famous. There were six before her, so that makes her Cleopatra VII. Ruling Egypt between 51 and 30 BC, she came to the throne at the age of eighteen and co ruled with her brother, and husband Ptolemy XII.

Surprisingly to many, Cleopatra had no Egyptian blood in her, although she was the only one in her ruling house to learn Egyptian. Cleopatra and Ptolemy were the last sovereigns of the Macedonian dynasty that governed Egypt since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. To further her influence over the Egyptian people, she was also proclaimed the “Daughter of Ra“, the “Sun God of Egypt“.

Gold coins with Cleopatra’s face were found in the waters surrounding her temple in the Alexandria harbor. The face on the coins was the profile of a plain-looking woman. Although she became famous for her beauty, she did not look like Elizabeth Taylor in the movie version. On the contrary it was her charm, intelligence, ambition and humor that won her the reputation of being one of the most attractive women in history. The woman who captivated the hearts of two of the most powerful men that ruled the Roman Empire, Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony.

As engaging and glamorous as any story plot from a movie, Cleopatra’s life and love affair with Mark Antony ended tragically. After stabbing himself in the chest, Antony had himself carried to Cleopatra’s mausoleum, where he died in her arms. Rather than be captured as a prisoner by the Romans she committed suicide, in hope to be united with her lover in the after life. To this day the exact cause of her death remains unknown, but legend goes on to say that she held an asp (also known as the Egyptian cobra) to her chest. She died on the last day of August in 30 BC and was buried by Antony’s side, as she had requested.

They are both believed to be buried in the temple of Tabusiris Magna or as it is now being called “The Sunken City“, because it lies submerged in the waters of the Eastern Alexandrian Harbor.

The Egyptian government’s bold and challenging plan to drain the water from Cleopatra’s palace is expected to be completed by November of 2008. Already there have been several discoveries since this project has started in the water surrounding the palace, a 120 meter long underground tunnel, with a number of rooms, and gold coins with the face of Queen Cleopatra.

Archeologists anticipate that the excavation of the two thousand year old palace will yield many an answer to the mysteries that shroud the life of this enigmatic Queen. The restoration of the palace to its timeless historical glory is expected to increase Alexandria’s popularity, putting the city in the spotlight as being the resting place to the end of an epic yet tragic story of two lovers, and if you’re less of a romantic, the end to almost 300 years of Macedonian sovereignty and the annexation of Egypt into the Roman Empire.

About the Author:
Gawhara Hanem
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To find more about ancient Egypt visit:
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The deserts of Egypt have always been known to hold and hide the mysteries of the ancient pharaohs, buried treasures of kings and queens that once ruled these lands. Apparently, these lands where once ruled by much bigger, grander creatures, they too left behind their treasures.

Over 40 million years ago, long before any human existence, the western desert of Egypt formed part of the Tethys Sea, which was an extension of what is today the Mediterranean Sea. As the wind blows northwards through this barren, arid desert, it reveals one of the greatest mysteries of evolution: the emergence of the whale as an ocean-going mammal from a previous life as a land-based animal.

Wadi El-Hitan, which in English means Whale Valley, is a reserve within the Wadi El-Rayan Protected Area, in the Fayoum Oasis, some 150 km from Cairo. The desert floor is littered with fossil remains of now extinct whales. More significantly, there is no other place in the world yielding the number, concentration and quality of such fossils, as is their accessibility and setting in an attractive and protected landscape. This is why it has been recently added by the UNESCO to the list of protected World Heritage sites.

The first fossil skeletons were discovered in the winter of 1902-3. The remains display the typical streamlined body form of modern whales, yet retaining some of the primitive aspects of skull and tooth structure. The largest skeleton found reached up to 21 m in length, with well developed five-fingered flippers on the forelimbs and the unexpected presence of hind legs, feet, and toes, not known previously in any archaeocete (a now extinct sub-order of whales). Their form was serpentine and they were carnivorous. A few of these skeletal remains are exposed but most are shallowly buried in sediments, slowly uncovered by erosion. Wadi El-Hitan provides evidences of millions of years of coastal marine life.

The fossils here may not be the oldest found but their great concentration in the area and the degree of their preservation is to the extent that even some stomach contents are intact. The actuality of fossils of other early mammals such as sharks, crocodiles, sawfish, turtles and rays found at Wadi El-Hitan makes it possible to reconstruct the surrounding environmental and ecological conditions of the time, adding to its justification to be cited as a Heritage site.

Only about 1000 visitors a year drive into Wadi El-Hitan by 4WD due to the fact that the track is unpaved and crosses unmarked desert sands. To the most part, visitors to Wadi Al-Hitan are foreigners, who usually camp in the valley on winter weekends. Because Wadi El-Hitan is within Wadi El-Rayan Protected Area, the same protection management plan restricts visitors to prearranged guided tours along a prescribed trail. Sustainable tourism is beginning to develop and grow in the area, and the 4WD are alternatively being replaced by foot or camel treks.

Besides journeying into the desert, to experience the wonders of the past, Wadi El-Hitan, is also home to 15 species of desert plants, sand dunes and about 15 types of wild mammals including the north African jackal, red fox, Egyptian mongoose, African wildcat, and dorcas gazelle. Also, attracted by the lakes at Wadi El-Rayan are recorded 19 species of reptiles and 36 species of breeding birds.

The valley is located behind a mountain, known as Gabal Gar Gohannam which is Arabic for The Mountain Next to Hell. In the light of the setting sun, the mountain seems ablaze with an eerie red light, which only added to the feeling that one is about to embark on a journey to unravel the hidden mysteries of a yet un-chartered planet.

About the Author:
Gawhara Hanem
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To find more about Wadi El-Hitan, please visit:
Wadi El-Hitan, Fayoum